diff --git a/ios/Classes/VideoDecodePlugin.swift b/ios/Classes/VideoDecodePlugin.swift
index e503c14..e0cc9c6 100644
--- a/ios/Classes/VideoDecodePlugin.swift
+++ b/ios/Classes/VideoDecodePlugin.swift
@@ -42,9 +42,11 @@ public class VideoDecodePlugin: NSObject, FlutterPlugin, FlutterTexture {
               let width = args["width"] as? Int,
               let height = args["height"] as? Int,
               let codecType = args["codecType"] as? String else {
+            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][错误] 参数解析失败：\(String(describing: call.arguments))")
             result(FlutterError(code: "INVALID_ARGS", message: "参数错误", details: nil))
             return
         }
+        
         // 释放旧解码器和纹理
         decoder?.release()
         decoder = nil
@@ -52,13 +54,17 @@ public class VideoDecodePlugin: NSObject, FlutterPlugin, FlutterTexture {
             textureRegistry?.unregisterTexture(tid)
             textureId = nil
         }
+        
         // 注册Flutter纹理
         guard let registry = textureRegistry else {
+            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][错误] 无法获取纹理注册表")
             result(FlutterError(code: "NO_TEXTURE_REGISTRY", message: "无法获取纹理注册表", details: nil))
             return
         }
+        
         let textureId = registry.register(self)
         self.textureId = textureId
+        
         // 创建解码器
         let decoder = VideoDecoder(width: width, height: height, codecType: codecType)
         self.decoder = decoder
@@ -79,32 +85,94 @@ public class VideoDecodePlugin: NSObject, FlutterPlugin, FlutterTexture {
         result(textureId)
     }
 
-    /// 新增：去除NALU起始码的工具方法（增强日志与健壮性）
+    /// 去除NALU起始码的工具方法
     private func stripStartCode(_ data: Data) -> Data {
-        let originalLen = data.count
-        let naluType: UInt8 = {
-            if data.count > 4 && data[0] == 0x00 && data[1] == 0x00 && data[2] == 0x00 && data[3] == 0x01 {
-                return data[4] & 0x1F
-            } else if data.count > 3 && data[0] == 0x00 && data[1] == 0x00 && data[2] == 0x01 {
-                return data[3] & 0x1F
-            }
-            return 0
-        }()
         var stripped: Data = data
         if data.count > 4 && data[0] == 0x00 && data[1] == 0x00 && data[2] == 0x00 && data[3] == 0x01 {
             stripped = data.subdata(in: 4..<data.count)
         } else if data.count > 3 && data[0] == 0x00 && data[1] == 0x00 && data[2] == 0x01 {
             stripped = data.subdata(in: 3..<data.count)
         }
-        let strippedLen = stripped.count
-        let strippedType: UInt8 = stripped.count > 0 ? (stripped[0] & 0x1F) : 0
-        if strippedLen < 3 || (strippedType != 7 && strippedType != 8) {
-            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][警告] strip后NALU长度或类型异常，type=", strippedType, "len=", strippedLen)
-        }
-        // 只在异常时输出警告，不再输出详细内容
         return stripped
     }
 
+    // 修改：更合理的side_data检测工具
+    private func checkNaluForSideData(_ nalu: Data, naluType: UInt8) -> Bool {
+        let maxSize = naluType == 5 ? 150_000 : 30_000 // I帧最大150KB，P帧最大30KB
+        if nalu.count > maxSize {
+            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][警告] NALU长度异常，可能包含side_data，type=\(naluType)，len=\(nalu.count)")
+            return true
+        }
+        return false
+    }
+
+    // 简化：提取第一个合法NALU工具
+    private func extractFirstValidNalu(_ nalu: Data) -> Data {
+        // 查找第一个起始码（支持3字节和4字节格式）
+        var start = -1
+        var startCodeLength = 0
+        
+        // 检查4字节起始码
+        if nalu.count >= 4 && nalu[0] == 0x00 && nalu[1] == 0x00 && nalu[2] == 0x00 && nalu[3] == 0x01 {
+            start = 0
+            startCodeLength = 4
+        }
+        // 检查3字节起始码
+        else if nalu.count >= 3 && nalu[0] == 0x00 && nalu[1] == 0x00 && nalu[2] == 0x01 {
+            start = 0
+            startCodeLength = 3
+        }
+        // 在数据中间查找起始码
+        else {
+            for i in 0..<(nalu.count - 4) {
+                if nalu[i] == 0x00 && nalu[i + 1] == 0x00 {
+                    if nalu[i + 2] == 0x00 && nalu[i + 3] == 0x01 {
+                        start = i
+                        startCodeLength = 4
+                        break
+                    } else if nalu[i + 2] == 0x01 {
+                        start = i
+                        startCodeLength = 3
+                        break
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        if start == -1 {
+            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][警告] NALU无AnnexB起始码，丢弃该帧")
+            return Data()
+        }
+        
+        let searchRange = (start + startCodeLength)..<nalu.count
+        var end = nalu.count
+        
+        // 查找下一个起始码（同时支持3字节和4字节格式）
+        for i in searchRange.lowerBound..<(nalu.count - 3) {
+            if nalu[i] == 0x00 && nalu[i + 1] == 0x00 {
+                if i + 3 < nalu.count && nalu[i + 2] == 0x00 && nalu[i + 3] == 0x01 {
+                    end = i
+                    break
+                } else if nalu[i + 2] == 0x01 {
+                    end = i
+                    break
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        
+        let extractedNalu = nalu[start..<end]
+        
+        // 验证提取的NALU
+        if extractedNalu.count >= startCodeLength + 1 {
+            let naluType = extractedNalu[startCodeLength] & 0x1F
+            if checkNaluForSideData(extractedNalu, naluType: naluType) {
+                return Data()
+            }
+        }
+        
+        return extractedNalu
+    }
+
     /// 解码视频帧
     private func handleDecodeFrame(call: FlutterMethodCall, result: @escaping FlutterResult) {
         guard let args = call.arguments as? [String: Any],
@@ -128,30 +196,32 @@ public class VideoDecodePlugin: NSObject, FlutterPlugin, FlutterTexture {
             return 0
         }()
 
-        print("[VideoDecodePlugin][调试] handleDecodeFrame: frameType=\(frameType), naluType=\(naluType), cachedSpsLen=\(cachedSps?.count ?? 0), cachedPpsLen=\(cachedPps?.count ?? 0)")
-
-        // 缓存SPS/PPS（去除起始码）并立即尝试初始化解码器
+        // 缓存SPS/PPS（去除起始码）
         if naluType == 7 { // SPS
-            // 只缓存，不再输出详细日志
             cachedSps = stripStartCode(data)
             result(true)
             return
         } else if naluType == 8 { // PPS
-            // 只缓存，不再输出详细日志
             cachedPps = stripStartCode(data)
             result(true)
             return
         } else if naluType == 5 { // IDR/I帧
-            // 先提取第一个合法NALU，直接推送
+            // 提取第一个合法NALU
             let firstNalu = extractFirstValidNalu(data)
-            if firstNalu.isEmpty { return }
-            print("[VideoDecodePlugin] 发送I帧, 长度: \(firstNalu.count), 头部: \(firstNalu.prefix(8).map { String(format: "%02X", $0) }.joined(separator: " ")), cachedSps长度: \(cachedSps?.count ?? 0), cachedPps长度: \(cachedPps?.count ?? 0)")
+            if firstNalu.isEmpty { 
+                result(false)
+                return 
+            }
+            
             decoder?.decodeFrame(frameData: firstNalu, frameType: frameType, timestamp: Int64(timestamp), frameSeq: frameSeq, refIFrameSeq: refIFrameSeq, sps: cachedSps, pps: cachedPps)
         } else {
-            // 先提取第一个合法NALU，直接推送
+            // 提取第一个合法NALU
             let firstNalu = extractFirstValidNalu(data)
-            if firstNalu.isEmpty { return }
-            print("[VideoDecodePlugin] 发送P/B帧, 长度: \(firstNalu.count), 头部: \(firstNalu.prefix(8).map { String(format: "%02X", $0) }.joined(separator: " "))")
+            if firstNalu.isEmpty { 
+                result(false)
+                return 
+            }
+            
             decoder?.decodeFrame(frameData: firstNalu, frameType: frameType, timestamp: Int64(timestamp), frameSeq: frameSeq, refIFrameSeq: refIFrameSeq)
         }
         result(true)
@@ -182,28 +252,4 @@ public class VideoDecodePlugin: NSObject, FlutterPlugin, FlutterTexture {
         }
         return nil
     }
-
-    // 新增side_data检测工具
-    private func checkNaluForSideData(_ nalu: Data, naluType: UInt8) -> Bool {
-        if (naluType == 5 && nalu.count > 10000) || (naluType != 7 && naluType != 8 && nalu.count > 10000) {
-            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][警告] NALU长度异常，可能包含side_data，type=\(naluType)，len=\(nalu.count)")
-            return true
-        }
-        return false
-    }
-
-    // 新增：提取第一个合法NALU工具
-    private func extractFirstValidNalu(_ nalu: Data) -> Data {
-        guard let start = nalu.range(of: Data([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01]))?.lowerBound else {
-            print("[VideoDecodePlugin][警告] NALU无AnnexB起始码，丢弃该帧")
-            return Data()
-        }
-        let searchRange = (start+4)..<nalu.count
-        if let next = nalu[searchRange].range(of: Data([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01]))?.lowerBound {
-            let end = searchRange.lowerBound + next
-            return nalu[start..<end]
-        } else {
-            return nalu[start..<nalu.count]
-        }
-    }
 }
diff --git a/ios/Classes/VideoDecoder.swift b/ios/Classes/VideoDecoder.swift
index 9812ac5..0835b5c 100644
--- a/ios/Classes/VideoDecoder.swift
+++ b/ios/Classes/VideoDecoder.swift
@@ -35,49 +35,49 @@ class VideoDecoder {
     /// 已处理帧序号集合
     private var frameSeqSet = Set<Int>()
     /// 最大允许延迟（毫秒）
-    private let maxAllowedDelayMs: Int = 350
+    private let maxAllowedDelayMs: Int64 = 750 // 与Android端保持一致
     /// 时间戳基准
     private var timestampBaseMs: Int64?
     /// 首帧相对时间戳
     private var firstFrameRelativeTimestamp: Int64?
 
-    // ====== 新增：缓冲区与自适应帧率相关成员 ======
+    // ====== 缓冲区与渲染相关成员 ======
     /// 输入缓冲区（待解码帧队列），线程安全
     private let inputQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "video_decode_plugin.input.queue", attributes: .concurrent)
     private var inputBuffer: [(frameData: Data, frameType: Int, timestamp: Int64, frameSeq: Int, refIFrameSeq: Int?, sps: Data?, pps: Data?)] = []
     private let inputBufferSemaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
-    private let inputBufferMaxCount = 15
+    private let inputBufferMaxCount = 100 // 与Android端保持一致
     /// 输出缓冲区（解码后帧队列），线程安全
     private let outputQueue = DispatchQueue(label: "video_decode_plugin.output.queue", attributes: .concurrent)
     private var outputBuffer: [(pixelBuffer: CVPixelBuffer, timestamp: Int64)] = []
     private let outputBufferSemaphore = DispatchSemaphore(value: 1)
-    private let outputBufferMaxCount = 15
-    /// 渲染线程
-    private var renderThread: Thread?
+    private let outputBufferMaxCount = 100 // 与Android端保持一致
+    /// 渲染定时器
+    private var renderTimer: DispatchSourceTimer?
     /// 渲染线程运行标志
     private var renderThreadRunning = false
     /// 首次渲染回调标志
     private var hasNotifiedFlutter = false
     /// 当前渲染帧率
-    private var renderFps: Int = 15
-    /// EMA平滑后的帧率
-    private var smoothedFps: Double = 15.0
-    /// EMA平滑系数
-    private let alpha: Double = 0.2
-    /// 最小帧率
-    private let minFps: Double = 8.0
-    /// 最大帧率
-    private let maxFps: Double = 30.0
-    /// 单次最大调整幅度
-    private let maxStep: Double = 2.0
-    /// 渲染帧时间戳队列
-    private var renderedTimestamps: [Int64] = [] // ms
-    /// 渲染帧时间戳最大数量
-    private let renderedTimestampsMaxCount = 20
-    /// 已渲染帧计数
-    private var renderedFrameCount = 0
-    /// 每N帧调整一次帧率
-    private let fpsAdjustInterval = 10
+    private var renderFps: Int = 20 // 与Android端保持一致
+    /// 渲染间隔（毫秒）
+    private var renderIntervalMs: Int64 = 0
+    /// 允许的渲染时间抖动范围（毫秒）
+    private let renderJitterMs: Int64 = 2
+    /// 上次渲染时间
+    private var lastRenderTimeMs: Int64 = 0
+    /// 渲染启动标志（低水位控制）
+    private var renderStarted = false
+    
+    // ====== 新增：帧重排序与丢帧相关成员 ======
+    /// 帧重排序缓冲区
+    private var reorderBuffer: [Int: (frameData: Data, frameType: Int, timestamp: Int64, frameSeq: Int, refIFrameSeq: Int?, sps: Data?, pps: Data?)] = [:]
+    /// 已收到的I帧序号集合
+    private var receivedIFrames = Set<Int>()
+    /// 重排序缓冲区锁
+    private let reorderLock = NSLock()
+    /// 重排序缓冲区最大容量
+    private let maxReorderBufferSize = 100 // 与输入缓冲区大小一致
 
     /// 解码回调，输出CVPixelBuffer和时间戳
     var onFrameDecoded: ((CVPixelBuffer, Int64) -> Void)? = { _, _ in }
@@ -87,7 +87,9 @@ class VideoDecoder {
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.codecType = CodecType(rawValue: codecType.lowercased()) ?? .h264
-        startRenderThread()
+        self.renderIntervalMs = Int64(1000.0 / Double(renderFps))
+        startRenderTimer()
+        print("[VideoDecoder] 初始化解码器: width=\(width), height=\(height)")
     }
 
     // ====== 输入缓冲区操作 ======
@@ -95,7 +97,8 @@ class VideoDecoder {
     private func enqueueInput(_ item: (Data, Int, Int64, Int, Int?, Data?, Data?)) {
         inputQueue.async(flags: .barrier) {
             if self.inputBuffer.count >= self.inputBufferMaxCount {
-                self.inputBuffer.removeFirst()
+                self.inputBuffer.removeFirst() // 缓冲区满时丢弃最旧帧
+                print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 输入缓冲区满，丢弃最旧帧")
             }
             self.inputBuffer.append(item)
         }
@@ -115,7 +118,8 @@ class VideoDecoder {
     private func enqueueOutput(_ item: (CVPixelBuffer, Int64)) {
         outputQueue.async(flags: .barrier) {
             if self.outputBuffer.count >= self.outputBufferMaxCount {
-                self.outputBuffer.removeFirst()
+                self.outputBuffer.removeFirst() // 缓冲区满时丢弃最旧帧
+                print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 输出缓冲区满，丢弃最旧帧")
             }
             self.outputBuffer.append(item)
         }
@@ -130,72 +134,141 @@ class VideoDecoder {
         }
         return item
     }
-    // ====== 渲染线程相关 ======
-    /// 启动渲染线程，定时从输出缓冲区取帧并刷新Flutter纹理，支持EMA自适应帧率
-    private func startRenderThread() {
-        renderThreadRunning = true
-        renderThread = Thread { [weak self] in
-            guard let self = self else { return }
-            while self.renderThreadRunning {
-                let frameIntervalMs = Int(1000.0 / self.smoothedFps)
-                let loopStart = Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000.0
-                if let (pixelBuffer, timestamp) = self.dequeueOutput() {
-                    // 渲染到Flutter纹理
-                    DispatchQueue.main.async {
-                        self.onFrameDecoded?(pixelBuffer, timestamp)
-                    }
-                    // 只在首次渲染时回调Flutter
-                    if !self.hasNotifiedFlutter {
-                        self.hasNotifiedFlutter = true
-                        // 由外部插件层负责onFrameRendered回调
-                    }
-                    // 帧率统计
-                    self.renderedTimestamps.append(Int64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000))
-                    if self.renderedTimestamps.count > self.renderedTimestampsMaxCount {
-                        self.renderedTimestamps.removeFirst()
-                    }
-                    self.renderedFrameCount += 1
-                    if self.renderedFrameCount % self.fpsAdjustInterval == 0 {
-                        let measuredFps = self.calculateDecodeFps()
-                        let newFps = self.updateSmoothedFps(measuredFps)
-                        self.renderFps = newFps
-                    }
+
+    // ====== 帧重排序与依赖管理 ======
+    /// 处理帧重排序和依赖关系
+    private func handleFrameReordering(frameData: Data, frameType: Int, timestamp: Int64, frameSeq: Int, refIFrameSeq: Int?, sps: Data?, pps: Data?) -> Bool {
+        reorderLock.lock()
+        defer { reorderLock.unlock() }
+        
+        // 1. 延迟丢帧检查
+        let now = Int64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+        let base = timestampBaseMs ?? 0
+        let firstRel = firstFrameRelativeTimestamp ?? 0
+        let absTimestamp = base + (timestamp - firstRel)
+        
+        if absTimestamp < now - maxAllowedDelayMs {
+            print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 丢弃延迟帧: type=\(frameType), seq=\(frameSeq), delay=\(now - absTimestamp)ms")
+            return false
+        }
+        
+        // 2. 帧重排序处理
+        if frameType == 0 { // I帧
+            receivedIFrames.insert(frameSeq)
+            lastIFrameSeq = frameSeq
+            
+            // I帧直接解码
+            enqueueInput((frameData, frameType, timestamp, frameSeq, refIFrameSeq, sps, pps))
+            
+            // 检查并解码所有依赖该I帧的P帧
+            let readyPFrames = reorderBuffer.values
+                .filter { $0.refIFrameSeq == frameSeq }
+                .sorted { $0.frameSeq < $1.frameSeq }
+            
+            for pFrame in readyPFrames {
+                enqueueInput(pFrame)
+                reorderBuffer.removeValue(forKey: pFrame.frameSeq)
+            }
+            
+            if !readyPFrames.isEmpty {
+                print("[VideoDecoder] I帧\(frameSeq)释放\(readyPFrames.count)个P帧")
+            }
+            
+            // 清理过期缓存
+            if reorderBuffer.count > maxReorderBufferSize {
+                let toRemove = reorderBuffer.keys.sorted().prefix(reorderBuffer.count - maxReorderBufferSize)
+                for seq in toRemove {
+                    reorderBuffer.removeValue(forKey: seq)
                 }
-                // 控制渲染节奏
-                let loopCost = Int(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000.0 - loopStart)
-                let sleepMs = frameIntervalMs - loopCost
-                if sleepMs > 0 {
-                    Thread.sleep(forTimeInterval: Double(sleepMs) / 1000.0)
+                print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 重排序缓冲区溢出，清理\(toRemove.count)个P帧")
+            }
+            
+            return true
+            
+        } else { // P帧
+            // 检查P帧依赖
+            if let refIFrameSeq = refIFrameSeq, receivedIFrames.contains(refIFrameSeq) {
+                // 依赖的I帧已收到，直接解码
+                enqueueInput((frameData, frameType, timestamp, frameSeq, refIFrameSeq, sps, pps))
+                return true
+            } else {
+                // 依赖的I帧未到，缓存P帧
+                reorderBuffer[frameSeq] = (frameData, frameType, timestamp, frameSeq, refIFrameSeq, sps, pps)
+                print("[VideoDecoder] P帧\(frameSeq)缓存，等待I帧\(refIFrameSeq ?? -1)")
+                
+                // 控制缓冲区大小
+                if reorderBuffer.count > maxReorderBufferSize {
+                    let toRemove = reorderBuffer.keys.sorted().prefix(reorderBuffer.count - maxReorderBufferSize)
+                    for seq in toRemove {
+                        reorderBuffer.removeValue(forKey: seq)
+                    }
+                    print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 重排序缓冲区溢出，清理\(toRemove.count)个P帧")
+                }
+                return false
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ====== 渲染定时器相关 ======
+    /// 启动渲染定时器，定时从输出缓冲区取帧并刷新Flutter纹理
+    private func startRenderTimer() {
+        renderThreadRunning = true
+        let timer = DispatchSource.makeTimerSource(queue: DispatchQueue.global())
+        timer.schedule(deadline: .now(), repeating: .milliseconds(Int(renderIntervalMs / 2)))
+        timer.setEventHandler { [weak self] in
+            guard let self = self else { return }
+            
+            let now = Int64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+            // 控制渲染间隔，避免过快渲染
+            let timeSinceLastRender = now - self.lastRenderTimeMs
+            if timeSinceLastRender < self.renderIntervalMs - self.renderJitterMs {
+                return
+            }
+            
+            // 低水位启动渲染逻辑
+            if !self.renderStarted {
+                var outputCount = 0
+                self.outputQueue.sync { outputCount = self.outputBuffer.count }
+                if outputCount >= Int(Double(self.outputBufferMaxCount) * 0.15) {
+                    self.renderStarted = true
+                    print("[VideoDecoder] 渲染启动，outputBuffer已达低水位: \(outputCount)")
+                } else {
+                    // 未达到低水位前不渲染
+                    return
+                }
+            }
+            
+            if let (pixelBuffer, timestamp) = self.dequeueOutput() {
+                // 延迟丢帧检查
+                let now = Int64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+                let base = timestampBaseMs ?? 0
+                let firstRel = firstFrameRelativeTimestamp ?? 0
+                let absTimestamp = base + (timestamp - firstRel)
+                
+                if absTimestamp < now - self.maxAllowedDelayMs {
+                    print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 丢弃延迟渲染帧: delay=\(now - absTimestamp)ms")
+                    return
+                }
+                
+                DispatchQueue.main.async {
+                    self.onFrameDecoded?(pixelBuffer, timestamp)
+                }
+                self.lastRenderTimeMs = now
+                if !self.hasNotifiedFlutter {
+                    self.hasNotifiedFlutter = true
                 }
             }
         }
-        renderThread?.start()
+        timer.resume()
+        renderTimer = timer
     }
-    /// 停止渲染线程
-    private func stopRenderThread() {
+    /// 停止渲染定时器
+    private func stopRenderTimer() {
         renderThreadRunning = false
-        renderThread?.cancel()
-        renderThread = nil
-    }
-    // ====== EMA帧率平滑算法 ======
-    /// 计算最近N帧的平均解码帧率
-    private func calculateDecodeFps() -> Double {
-        guard renderedTimestamps.count >= 2 else { return smoothedFps }
-        let first = renderedTimestamps.first!
-        let last = renderedTimestamps.last!
-        let frameCount = renderedTimestamps.count - 1
-        let durationMs = max(last - first, 1)
-        return Double(frameCount) * 1000.0 / Double(durationMs)
-    }
-    /// EMA平滑更新渲染帧率
-    private func updateSmoothedFps(_ measuredFps: Double) -> Int {
-        let safeFps = min(max(measuredFps, minFps), maxFps)
-        let targetFps = alpha * safeFps + (1 - alpha) * smoothedFps
-        let delta = targetFps - smoothedFps
-        let step = min(max(delta, -maxStep), maxStep)
-        smoothedFps = min(max(smoothedFps + step, minFps), maxFps)
-        return Int(smoothedFps)
+        renderTimer?.cancel()
+        renderTimer = nil
     }
+
     /// 初始化解码会话（首次收到I帧时调用）
     private func setupSession(sps: Data?, pps: Data?) -> Bool {
         // 释放旧会话
@@ -206,9 +279,10 @@ class VideoDecoder {
         formatDesc = nil
         isSessionReady = false
         guard let sps = sps, let pps = pps else {
-            print("[VideoDecoder] 缺少SPS/PPS，无法初始化解码会话")
+            print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 缺少SPS/PPS，无法初始化解码会话")
             return false
         }
+        
         // 校验SPS/PPS长度和类型
         let spsType: UInt8 = sps.count > 0 ? (sps[0] & 0x1F) : 0
         let ppsType: UInt8 = pps.count > 0 ? (pps[0] & 0x1F) : 0
@@ -220,6 +294,7 @@ class VideoDecoder {
             print("[VideoDecoder][错误] PPS内容异常，len=\(pps.count), type=\(ppsType)")
             return false
         }
+        
         var success = false
         sps.withUnsafeBytes { spsPtr in
             pps.withUnsafeBytes { ppsPtr in
@@ -237,7 +312,7 @@ class VideoDecoder {
                     formatDescriptionOut: &formatDesc
                 )
                 if status != noErr {
-                    print("[VideoDecoder] 创建FormatDescription失败: \(status)")
+                    print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 创建FormatDescription失败: \(status)")
                     success = false
                 } else {
                     success = true
@@ -252,7 +327,7 @@ class VideoDecoder {
                     // 入队到输出缓冲区，由渲染线程拉取
                     decoder.enqueueOutput((pixelBuffer, Int64(pts.seconds * 1000)))
                 } else {
-                    print("[VideoDecoder] 解码回调失败, status=\(status)")
+                    print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 解码回调失败: \(status)")
                 }
             },
             decompressionOutputRefCon: UnsafeMutableRawPointer(Unmanaged.passUnretained(self).toOpaque())
@@ -261,8 +336,10 @@ class VideoDecoder {
             kCVPixelBufferPixelFormatTypeKey: kCVPixelFormatType_420YpCbCr8BiPlanarFullRange,
             kCVPixelBufferWidthKey: width,
             kCVPixelBufferHeightKey: height,
-            kCVPixelBufferOpenGLESCompatibilityKey: true
+            kCVPixelBufferOpenGLESCompatibilityKey: true,
+            kCVPixelBufferIOSurfacePropertiesKey: [:]
         ]
+        
         let status2 = VTDecompressionSessionCreate(
             allocator: kCFAllocatorDefault,
             formatDescription: formatDesc!,
@@ -272,7 +349,7 @@ class VideoDecoder {
             decompressionSessionOut: &decompressionSession
         )
         if status2 != noErr {
-            print("[VideoDecoder] 创建解码会话失败: \(status2)")
+            print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 创建解码会话失败: \(status2)")
             return false
         }
         isSessionReady = true
@@ -282,38 +359,91 @@ class VideoDecoder {
 
     /// 解码一帧数据
     func decodeFrame(frameData: Data, frameType: Int, timestamp: Int64, frameSeq: Int, refIFrameSeq: Int?, sps: Data? = nil, pps: Data? = nil) {
-        enqueueInput((frameData, frameType, timestamp, frameSeq, refIFrameSeq, sps, pps))
-        // 解码线程异步处理
+        // 1. 初始化时间戳基准
+        if timestampBaseMs == nil {
+            timestampBaseMs = Int64(Date().timeIntervalSince1970 * 1000)
+            firstFrameRelativeTimestamp = timestamp
+            print("[VideoDecoder] 设置时间戳基准: base=\(timestampBaseMs!), firstRel=\(firstFrameRelativeTimestamp!)")
+        }
+        
+        // 2. 帧重排序和依赖管理
+        if !handleFrameReordering(frameData: frameData, frameType: frameType, timestamp: timestamp, frameSeq: frameSeq, refIFrameSeq: refIFrameSeq, sps: sps, pps: pps) {
+            return
+        }
+        
+        // 3. 解码处理（由inputQueue触发）
         decodeQueue.async { [weak self] in
             guard let self = self else { return }
             guard let (frameData, frameType, timestamp, frameSeq, refIFrameSeq, sps, pps) = self.dequeueInput() else { return }
+            
             if !self.isSessionReady, let sps = sps, let pps = pps {
                 guard self.setupSession(sps: sps, pps: pps) else { return }
             }
             guard let session = self.decompressionSession else { return }
-            guard frameData.count > 4 else { return }
-            var avccData = frameData
-            let naluLen = UInt32(frameData.count - 4).bigEndian
-            if avccData.count >= 4 {
-                avccData.replaceSubrange(0..<4, with: withUnsafeBytes(of: naluLen) { Data($0) })
+            guard frameData.count > 3 else { return }
+
+            // 检查并移除AnnexB起始码
+            var startCodeSize = 0
+            var naluData: Data
+            
+            if frameData.count >= 4 && frameData[0] == 0x00 && frameData[1] == 0x00 && frameData[2] == 0x00 && frameData[3] == 0x01 {
+                startCodeSize = 4
+                naluData = frameData.subdata(in: 4..<frameData.count)
+            } else if frameData.count >= 3 && frameData[0] == 0x00 && frameData[1] == 0x00 && frameData[2] == 0x01 {
+                startCodeSize = 3
+                naluData = frameData.subdata(in: 3..<frameData.count)
             } else {
-                return
+                print("[VideoDecoder][警告] 未找到起始码")
+                naluData = frameData
             }
+            
+            // 创建AVCC格式数据
+            let naluLength = UInt32(naluData.count).bigEndian
+            var avccData = Data(capacity: naluData.count + 4)
+            withUnsafeBytes(of: naluLength) { ptr in
+                avccData.append(ptr.baseAddress!.assumingMemoryBound(to: UInt8.self), count: 4)
+            }
+            avccData.append(naluData)
+
             var blockBuffer: CMBlockBuffer?
             let status = CMBlockBufferCreateWithMemoryBlock(
                 allocator: kCFAllocatorDefault,
-                memoryBlock: UnsafeMutableRawPointer(mutating: (avccData as NSData).bytes),
+                memoryBlock: nil,
                 blockLength: avccData.count,
-                blockAllocator: kCFAllocatorNull,
+                blockAllocator: nil,
                 customBlockSource: nil,
                 offsetToData: 0,
                 dataLength: avccData.count,
-                flags: 0,
+                flags: kCMBlockBufferAssureMemoryNowFlag,
                 blockBufferOut: &blockBuffer
             )
-            if status != kCMBlockBufferNoErr { return }
+            if status != kCMBlockBufferNoErr { 
+                print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 创建BlockBuffer失败: \(status)")
+                return 
+            }
+            
+            // 复制数据到BlockBuffer
+            if let blockBuffer = blockBuffer {
+                let status2 = avccData.withUnsafeBytes { ptr in
+                    CMBlockBufferReplaceDataBytes(
+                        with: ptr.baseAddress!,
+                        blockBuffer: blockBuffer,
+                        offsetIntoDestination: 0,
+                        dataLength: avccData.count
+                    )
+                }
+                if status2 != kCMBlockBufferNoErr {
+                    print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 复制数据到BlockBuffer失败: \(status2)")
+                    return
+                }
+            }
+
             var sampleBuffer: CMSampleBuffer?
-            var timing = CMSampleTimingInfo(duration: .invalid, presentationTimeStamp: CMTime(value: timestamp, timescale: 1000), decodeTimeStamp: .invalid)
+            var timing = CMSampleTimingInfo(
+                duration: .invalid,
+                presentationTimeStamp: CMTime(value: timestamp, timescale: 1000),
+                decodeTimeStamp: .invalid
+            )
             let status2 = CMSampleBufferCreate(
                 allocator: kCFAllocatorDefault,
                 dataBuffer: blockBuffer,
@@ -328,8 +458,12 @@ class VideoDecoder {
                 sampleSizeArray: [avccData.count],
                 sampleBufferOut: &sampleBuffer
             )
-            if status2 != noErr { return }
-            let decodeFlags: VTDecodeFrameFlags = []
+            if status2 != noErr { 
+                print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 创建SampleBuffer失败: \(status2)")
+                return 
+            }
+
+            let decodeFlags: VTDecodeFrameFlags = [._EnableAsynchronousDecompression]
             var infoFlags = VTDecodeInfoFlags()
             let status3 = VTDecompressionSessionDecodeFrame(
                 session,
@@ -339,14 +473,19 @@ class VideoDecoder {
                 infoFlagsOut: &infoFlags
             )
             if status3 != noErr {
-                print("[VideoDecoder] 解码失败: \(status3)")
+                print("[VideoDecoder][错误] 解码失败: \(status3)")
+                if status3 == -6661 {
+                    print("  - 错误类型: kVTInvalidSessionErr (解码会话无效)")
+                    print("  - 会话状态: \(self.isSessionReady ? "就绪" : "未就绪")")
+                    print("  - formatDesc: \(self.formatDesc != nil ? "有效" : "无效")")
+                }
             }
         }
     }
 
     /// 释放解码器资源
     func release() {
-        stopRenderThread()
+        stopRenderTimer()
         decodeQueue.sync {
             if let session = decompressionSession {
                 VTDecompressionSessionInvalidate(session)
@@ -356,6 +495,12 @@ class VideoDecoder {
             isSessionReady = false
             frameSeqSet.removeAll()
             lastIFrameSeq = nil
+            
+            // 清理重排序相关资源
+            reorderLock.lock()
+            reorderBuffer.removeAll()
+            receivedIFrames.removeAll()
+            reorderLock.unlock()
         }
         inputQueue.async(flags: .barrier) { self.inputBuffer.removeAll() }
         outputQueue.async(flags: .barrier) { self.outputBuffer.removeAll() }